汽(qi)車采用高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)耐(nai)磨(mo)板，因其較高(gao)的強(qiang)度(du)可以(yi)降低板厚(hou)使得汽(qi)車結(jie)構輕量(liang)化(hua)，同時汽(qi)車的抗凹陷性、耐(nai)磨(mo)強(qiang)度(du)和大(da)變形(xing)(xing)沖(chong)擊強(qiang)度(du)安全(quan)性均(jun)得到(dao)提高(gao)，且成本較輕金(jin)屬低。高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)耐(nai)磨(mo)板的優點(dian)(dian)使其在汽(qi)車行業中得到(dao)快(kuai)速(su)發展(zhan)及(ji)廣(guang)泛應用，有助于實現汽(qi)車輕量(liang)化(hua)和安全(quan)性的統一。但是，高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)耐(nai)磨(mo)板的成形(xing)(xing)范圍較窄，成形(xing)(xing)過程中遇(yu)到(dao)了較傳統鋼材(cai)更(geng)難(nan)解決的問題。因此，必須(xu)針對高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)耐(nai)磨(mo)板的特點(dian)(dian)采用先進(jin)的加工方法。高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)耐(nai)磨(mo)板的成形(xing)(xing)技(ji)術(shu)主要包括冷沖(chong)壓形(xing)(xing)、熱成形(xing)(xing)、液壓成形(xing)(xing)等。

　　一、冷沖壓成形技術

　　高強度耐磨板的(de)冷沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)成(cheng)形技(ji)術與(yu)傳統鋼(gang)材冷沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)相(xiang)似，但高(gao)強(qiang)度耐磨板(ban)(ban)成(cheng)形范圍有(you)限，成(cheng)形后容易產生(sheng)回(hui)(hui)彈(dan)，且(qie)其回(hui)(hui)彈(dan)量(liang)(liang)遠大(da)于普(pu)通低碳鋼(gang)沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)成(cheng)形零件(jian)的(de)回(hui)(hui)彈(dan)量(liang)(liang)，給回(hui)(hui)彈(dan)的(de)預測及控制帶來(lai)了(le)很大(da)的(de)困(kun)難，同時(shi)(shi)高(gao)強(qiang)鋼(gang)在(zai)應用時(shi)(shi)面臨著(zhu)成(cheng)型件(jian)的(de)起皺和(he)(he)開裂等問(wen)(wen)題。這(zhe)些問(wen)(wen)題都導致高(gao)強(qiang)度耐磨板(ban)(ban)在(zai)成(cheng)形時(shi)(shi)尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)精度不良。日(ri)本NKK株式會社開發了(le)一種(zhong)新(xin)的(de)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)易沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)技(ji)術來(lai)解決高(gao)高(gao)強(qiang)度耐磨板(ban)(ban)沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中開裂的(de)問(wen)(wen)題，該技(ji)術通過(guo)從(cong)模具上(shang)的(de)開孔注入(ru)潤滑油，使(shi)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)與(yu)模具之間產生(sheng)數十微米的(de)間隙，從(cong)而防(fang)止了(le)沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)開裂的(de)問(wen)(wen)題，且(qie)這(zhe)種(zhong)方法在(zai)普(pu)通沖(chong)(chong)壓(ya)機上(shang)稍加改(gai)動就可實現。

　　二、熱沖壓成形技術

　　當耐磨板強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)超過1000MPa時(shi)，一些形(xing)(xing)狀復雜(za)的(de)零件(jian)(jian)(jian)，采用常規的(de)冷(leng)沖壓(ya)工(gong)藝難以成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)；即使可以采用冷(leng)沖壓(ya)工(gong)藝，也(ye)有所需沖壓(ya)力大(da)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型件(jian)(jian)(jian)易(yi)開裂、回彈(dan)大(da)等問題，因此(ci)熱(re)(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)技術應(ying)運而生。熱(re)(re)沖壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)技術是(shi)(shi)將硼鋼鋼板（初始強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)為500～600MPa）加熱(re)(re)至奧(ao)氏體(ti)(ti)化狀態(tai)，快速轉移到模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)中高速沖壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)，在保證一定壓(ya)力的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，制件(jian)(jian)(jian)在模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)本體(ti)(ti)中以大(da)于(yu)27℃/s的(de)冷(leng)卻速度(du)(du)(du)進行淬(cui)火處理，保壓(ya)淬(cui)火一段時(shi)間(jian)，零件(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)的(de)同時(shi)獲(huo)得具(ju)(ju)(ju)有均勻馬氏體(ti)(ti)組織。高強(qiang)鋼熱(re)(re)沖壓(ya)技術將成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)和強(qiang)化分(fen)為2個步驟來(lai)解決高強(qiang)鋼強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)塑(su)(su)性(xing)的(de)矛盾。其(qi)主要優點(dian)是(shi)(shi)：變形(xing)(xing)抗力小、塑(su)(su)性(xing)好、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)極限高、沖壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)性(xing)好；回彈(dan)易(yi)于(yu)控制，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)零件(jian)(jian)(jian)尺寸精度(du)(du)(du)高；沖壓(ya)機噸位要求降低；鋼材成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)抗力低，模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)單位壓(ya)力小；成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)件(jian)(jian)(jian)生產周期短等。但熱(re)(re)沖壓(ya)技術也(ye)存在一些缺點(dian)，如設備投資大(da)、模(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)設計和加工(gong)復雜(za)、維護和保養成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本高等。

　　三、液壓成形技術

　　液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)技術(shu)(shu)是依靠高壓(ya)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)（水或油）作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)傳力介質(zhi)使工(gong)(gong)件成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的一(yi)種塑性加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)。液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)過程(cheng)中板材通過傳力介質(zhi)的壓(ya)力作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)貼合凸(tu)模或凹模成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，是一(yi)種柔性加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)件主(zhu)要為(wei)管材、板材和(he)殼體(ti)(ti)。要求介質(zhi)壓(ya)力一(yi)般(ban)在400MPa以(yi)上。采用(yong)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)技術(shu)(shu)的主(zhu)要優點有：可以(yi)一(yi)次整體(ti)(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)沿構(gou)(gou)件軸線和(he)截面有變化的空(kong)心構(gou)(gou)件；模具成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本降低；成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)零件精度(du)得到提高，回彈也減(jian)小；將原需(xu)要多個(ge)零件組合的部(bu)件改由單一(yi)的零件代(dai)替，同時增加(jia)(jia)(jia)車體(ti)(ti)的剛性，有利(li)于減(jian)輕質(zhi)量(liang)。